Study Bava Kamma folio 14B with parallel Hebrew-English text, traditional commentary, and modern study tools. Free access to Babylonian Talmud online.
There are only 3 distinct principles, but they are listed as 4 cases because they apply in 4 different places.
Mishnah: The determination of payment of damages is made by monetary appraisal. One pays with items worth money. This halakha applies before a court. And it is based upon the testimony of witnesses who are free men, i.e., men who are not Canaanite slaves, and who are members of the covenant, i.
Talmud: What is the meaning of: The determination of payment of damages is made by monetary appraisal?
Rav Yehuda says: This appraisal of the damage caused should be made only in terms of the monetary value of the damage.
The Talmud notes: We learn, in this Mishnah, this halakha that A baraita states explicitly: In a case in which a cow damaged a cloak, and the cloak injured the cow, e.g., the cow tread on it, thereby damaging it, and it became entangled in the cow’s legs, causing the cow to trip, one does not say